Effect of different resistance-training protocols on the extracellular matrix of the calcaneal tendon of rats.

The calcaneal tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of collagen, non-collagenous glycoproteins and proteoglycans, and able to adapt to various biomechanical stimuli. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of different resistance-training protocols, such as hypertrophy, strength and resistance, on the organization of the calcaneal tendon after training. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: untrained (UT), resistance training (RT), hypertrophy training (HT), and strength training (ST). The protocol in a vertical climbing platform was performed thrice per week over twelve weeks. For biochemical study, the tendons of each group were minced and analyzed for gelatinases, quantification of non-collagenous proteins, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and hydroxyproline. For morphological analysis, sections were stained with HE and toluidine blue. Non-stained sections were used for birefringence analysis under polarization microscopy. The highest hydroxyproline concentrations were found in HT (154.8±14.2) and RT (173.6±25.2) compared with UT (122.4±27.0). A higher concentration of non-collagenous proteins was detected in the RT group (14.98mg/g) compared with the other groups. In polarization microscopy, major birefringence was observed in HT and the lowest in ST compared with UT, indicating higher organization of collagen bundles in HT. In analysis for zymography, the presence of latent MMP-9 was more prominent in the ST group and the active MMP-9 more prominent in the HT group. For MMP-2, significant differences in the latent isoform between the HT (184,867±6765) and UT (173,018±9696) groups were found. In sections stained with toluidine blue (TB), higher metachromasia was observed in the tendon's distal region in HT and RT groups, indicating a greater amount of proteoglycans. We conclude that the different training protocols produced different responses in the ECM. The remarkable presence of MMP-2 and -9 in the hypertrophy training group may be related to the highest organization of collagen bundles and possibly a more efficient remodeling process, observed in that group, as demonstrated by images and measurements of birefringence.

Knowledge, attitudes and adherence to treatment in individuals with hypertension and diabetes mellitus / Conhecimento atitudes e adesão ao tratamento em indivíduos com hipertensão e diabetes

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) constitute a major health problem in Brazil and corresponds to about 70% of the causes of death. The most common are systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which require the patients to be more closely controlled for its treatment and management². This study aimed to analyze the knowledge, attitudes and adherence to the treatment of individuals with arterial hypertension and associated type 2 diabetes mellitus, accompanied by a Family Health team. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective quantitative approach. The population consisted of patients diagnosed with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, enrolled in the HIPERDIA program. Data were collected from August to November of 2014 through the Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A); Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire (ATT-19) and Martín-Bayarre-Grade (MBG). 102 individuals were interviewed, the majority of whom were women, married, white, with low schooling, and with a median age of 68.5 years. Everyone was on medication and most of them did not practice any kind of physical activity. An unsatisfactory result was found in relation to the knowledge about the disease, negative attitude regarding the management of the disease, and partial adherence to the treatment. It is thus considered that individuals with hypertension and diabetes mellitus did not modify their attitudes regarding the adoption of healthy life habits for the more adequate coping of the disease.

As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) se constituem no maior problema de saúde do Brasil e correspondem a cerca de 70% das causas de morte, sendo as mais comuns delas a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a diabetes mellitus tipo 2, que exigem dos pacientes acometidos maior controle em relação ao seu tratamento e manejo². Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conhecimento, as atitudes e a adesão ao tratamento de indivíduos com hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus tipo 2, os quais foram acompanhados por uma equipe do programa Saúde da Família. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo transversal, descritivo e prospectivo de abordagem quantitativa. O quadro de indivíduos analisados foi constituído por pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 cadastrados no programa HIPERDIA. Os dados foram coletados no período de agosto a novembro de 2014, por meio dos questionários Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A), Attitudes Questionnaire (ATT-19) e MartínBayarre-Grau (MBG). Foram entrevistados 102 indivíduos, sendo a maioria composta por mulheres casadas, brancas, de baixa escolaridade, com idade mediana de 68,5 anos. Ao longo da pesquisa, verificou-se que todos faziam uso de medicamentos e a maioria não praticava nenhum tipo de atividade física. Constatou-se também resultado insatisfatório com relação ao conhecimento sobre a doença, atitude negativa relacionada ao manejo da doença e adesão parcial ao tratamento. Verificou-se, assim, que a maior parte dos indivíduos com hipertensão e diabetes mellitus envolvidos na pesquisa, apesar de cientes de seu quadro, escolheram não modificar suas atitudes ou adotar hábitos de vida mais saudáveis que lhes garantissem o enfrentamento mais adequado da doença.